Episode Notes

The thesis of my book and this podcast is that culture evolves in time and that there are certain moments in time when dominant movements in culture forever fracture into different pieces, and we can never go back to the before times, when there was just one, or a couple, movements. The Beatles’ central place in the history of rock music is because they were the main creative and commercial force at the centre of one of these moments. If you look at the history of western high art music aka “classical,” there is a similar moment, as there is with jazz, as there likely has been with hip hop (I just don’t know what it would be). European high art music evolved from plainsong. This was replaced by the more sophisticated Renaissance music. Renaissance music, in turn, was replaced by even more sophisticated Baroque music. And then there was a reaction to ornate Baroque music and it was replaced by simpler, more melodic Classical music. But a new reaction created Romantic music. However what happened with Romantic music didn’t follow the pattern of the previous centuries. Instead of being replaced by a new dominant genre, Romantic fractured into many different pieces: impressionism moved away from programmatic music while the crisis of tonality gave birth to modernism and later serialism. The story of 20th century high art music is one of many different approaches, including revivals of all the movements from before the fracturing. We can never go back to when there was one dominant form of art music. The same thing happened in jazz: traditional jazz evolved out of the collision of slave songs and European instruments; the same collision that produced the blues and country, among other genres. Jazz differentiated itself from more “folk” genres with its musical sophistication and soon became known as America’s art form. From the early traditional jazz bands it evolved into big band jazz. As with what happened in European art music, there was a reaction to big band, bebop, or what we now call “bop” or mainstream jazz. However, due to massive technological changes in communications, there wasn’t just one reaction. And so only two eras into its history jazz broke into many different pieces: bop, hard bop, Afrocuban, and later free, fusion and many, many others. It is my argument that this fracturing happened with pop rock as well, in an even shorter period than with jazz. This podcast is about how the Beatles were the central force both in the establishment of the dominant cultural movement of pop rock, but also its fracturing into many little pieces. Unlike with classical and jazz, all of this happened in only a few years, making the Beatles all the more central to the changes. There is no one artist who both aided the development of “classical” music and contributed to its fracturing: Bach died in 1750, before Mozart was born, and Beethoven was only 21 when Mozart died; none of the composers who rebelled against the forms perfected by these composes were alive. And the same is true, though less so, for jazz: Louis Armstrong never played any of the new genres that emerged after the fracturing and Duke Ellington only dabbled. Those most associated with the new waves of jazz, Miles Davis and many, many others, had nothing to do with the birth of jazz and were all rebelling against big band’s and traditional jazz’s rules and performance styles. But the Beatles helped rock and roll become pop rock. And then, only a few short years later, they helped fracture pop rock into many different pieces.

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